We introduce low optical loss and highly uniform passive silicon nitride optical building blocks including straight waveguides, bends, tapers, 1-by-2 MMI, silicon nitride-to-silicon transitions and edge couplers on TSMC's silicon photonics platform with CMOS-compatible process. Here we propose and demonstrate a low-loss high-efficiency thin-film lithium-niobate Mach–Zehnder modulator enabled by a novel ult alow-loss slow-light structure based on apodized gratings in cascade. Since the reduction in the transmission loss of optical fiber can contribute to such improvement by reducing the number of optical repeaters and extending transmission distances, there have been continuous R&D activities for lower transmission losses. This comprehensive roadmap explores the technological evolution of optical modules over the next decade, examining the innovations in modulation techniques, photonic integration, packaging, and system architectures that will enable the exponential bandwidth growth required by AI and other demanding. This report summarizes the key trends presented at OFC 2025, along with the highlights of Dexerials' exhibition. What is OFC? The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibition (OFC) is one of the world's largest and international events in optical communication and networking technologies. We witnessed large-scale commercialization of 800G optical modules, rapid breakthroughs in 1.
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